What Do You Need to Know About Nucleophilic Sites in the Chemistry Tutor?

What Do You Need to Know About Nucleophilic Sites in the Chemistry Tutor?What do you need to know about nucleophilic sites in the chemistry tutor? Here's a basic introduction. A nucleophile site is a chemical element that contains two electrons, one of which has an extra 'ground' electron. The nucleus of a nucleophile is open to the normal flow of positively charged nucleons but the negatively charged electrostatic charges within the molecular framework of the nucleophile are offset by this extra 'ground' electron, resulting in the nucleophile attracting positively charged nucleons from surrounding molecules.The existence of these sites was first observed in molecules such as those containing hydrogen and nitrogen, or when a strong base or an electronegative electron-pair of the nucleophile was added to a neutral base. It is not known why the nucleophile was seen to be negatively charged, but many nucleophilic sites that have been found are ionic and their presence is in the left and right hands of the DNA double helix.It is well known that water acts as a nucleophile; so do a lot of other molecules. Water in its liquid state behaves like a single proton, with two protons each located in the same position as the water molecule. In fact water is said to be a nucleophile because it will react positively with an alkaline. Hydrogen, on the other hand, reacts negatively with water.But why would one expect from one molecule to react differently with another than one would expect to react with itself? If one were to make a molecule out of water, it would be expected to react with a pH-neutral base, which is not exactly the case. This is an important point: even though water is a nucleophile, this does not necessarily mean that it will react positively with an alkaline - the hydrogen and oxygen molecules within the water molecule have an affinity for the adjacent acidic molecules, creating a strong positive charge around the water molecule, leaving it open to react wit h a neutral.It is important to realize that any nucleophile, including water, has a stronger affinity for negative bases, making it less likely that an alkaline base will attack the nucleophile. This means that alkaline bases (such as sulfuric acid) are less likely to attack the nucleophile.So what do we know about the nucleophile? We know that there are very few nucleophilic sites in nature, and that most are in the left and right hands of the DNA double helix. We also know that natural DNA strands often have 'proto-nucleophiles' or so-called 'facilitated nucleophiles' that are the same as the nucleophile but with a different structure.One very important thing to remember about nucleophilic sites in the chemistry tutor is that, although they are often thought of as having a certain kind of 'site disadvantage,' there are actually many sites that could have a very different chemistry. For example, the nucleophile in the case of the H+ ion in the chlorine atom in the molecule (hydroge n chloride) is always neutral. There are no beneficial sites for the H+ ion (whereas the neutral site in the case of the H- ion (hydrogen chloride) is much more helpful. In the case of the chemical hydrogen, the H+ ion is much more strongly opposed by the phosphate group of the DNA molecule, and in the case of chlorine the hydrogen ion is more strongly negatively charged, so that the water molecule will react with the water molecule, resulting in a change in the water molecule structure.

Online Scientific Notation Converter Tutors

Online Scientific Notation Converter Tutors Scientific notation is a way to represent very large number and very small numbers. Scientific notation is a very useful notation to represent many numbers. The decimal point is placed such that there is one non-zero digit to the left of the decimal. The exponent of 10 is decided by the number of decimal spaces the numbers has moved from the originally given number. The sign of the exponent is decided depending on the given number. If the number is less than one then the exponent of 10 is negative. If the number is greater than one then the exponent of 10 is positive. Example 1: Convert the number 5,670,000 to scientific notation form regular notation? Solution: Given is the number 5,670,000 which is a number greater than one. The number can be written with a decimal point such that there is one digit to the left. Moving the decimal point 6 spaces gives 5.67 and the exponent of 10 as 6. This gives 5,670,000 number is equal to 5.67 * 106. Hence the scientific notation is 5.67 * 106. Example 2: Convert the number 0.000345 to scientific notation form regular notation? Solution: Given is the number 0.000345 which is a number lesser than one. The number can be written with a decimal point such that there is one digit to the left. Moving the decimal point 4 spaces gives 3.45 and the exponent of 10 as -4. This gives 0.000345 number is equal to 3.45 * 10-4. Hence the scientific notation is 3.45 * 10-4.

What is a College Seminar

What is a College Seminar During college, you may encounter a specific type of course format: the seminar. College seminar courses are typically small, and are generally led by a professor. They are often higher-level classes that focus on a specialized subject area in a given major or minor. Students are expected to participate regularly in college seminars, including giving presentations and participating in discussions. There are many ways that students can succeed in a college seminar course, including emphasizing their participation, remaining distraction-free, and actively listening during class sessions. Keep reading to learn more about college seminars: Which majors rely on college seminar courses? Any major can offer a seminar course, but some specializations lend themselves more readily to this format. Others may lean toward classes that utilize lectures. You may encounter a seminar in: A language course A literature course A philosophy course And others. Higher-level courses are often focused on discussion and investigation, rather than simple mastery of information and skills. In such instances, a seminar class is particularly useful. [RELATED: What I Wish I Knew About Picking a College Major] How to succeed in a college seminar If youre used to lecture courses, or if youre a little shy, you might feel intimidated by a seminar class. But you shouldnt beanyone is capable of succeeding in a college seminar. Here are some tips for success: Focus on your participation in your college seminar In most cases, professors in seminars are looking less for right answers, and more for genuine engagement. Professors participation grades may be among the most highly weighted grades youll receive in a college seminar. So, focus on completing your assignments on time and being prepared for class so you can contribute to conversations in a meaningful way. [RELATED: Top 5 College Study Tips] Put any distractions away during your college seminar This means silencing your smartphone and putting it in your bag. Ensure social media websites and messaging apps are not open on your laptop or tablet. Because seminar class sizes are small, your professor will most certainly notice if youre not paying attentionand he or she will not hesitate to dock points from your final grade. [RELATED: Time Management Tips for Students] Listen to others while in your college seminar A conversation is all about give and take. This holds especially true in seminar courses, where youll be having lots of conversations with the people around you for the entire semester. Its easy to talk a lot during a college seminar, and less easy to listen to others. Try to balance your speaking with listening. Hearing others input will help you shape your thoughts and opinions more cohesively so you can more meaningfully contribute to the conversation. Any topics you want to know more about? Let us know! The Varsity Tutors Blog editors love hearing your feedback and opinions. Feel free to email us at blog@varsitytutors.com.

5 Great Reasons to Learn Italian

5 Great Reasons to Learn Italian Why Learn How to Speak Italian? ChaptersItalian: An Easy Language to LearnItaly’s Exceptional Cultural HeritageHow Learning Italian can Land you a JobThe Role of Cuisine in Italian CultureWhere to Learn ItalianIf you’ve always dreamt of experiencing one of the world’s most culturally rich, naturally beautiful countries which boasts some of the finest cuisine, why not learn the language that goes with it?Of course, we’re talking about learning Italian!Being able to speak even basic Italian will open up many doors for you, and as the language of love, learning Italian could be the reason you meet your future amore.If you’ve always fancied learning Italian as a foreign language but still need some convincing, we’ll try to win your over with these five fantastic reasons to study Italian.The Ray-Bans that you sport in the Mediterranean sun on your holiday and the Colnago that makes all of your cycling pals jealous are just two of the many famous brands to come out of Italy.Even the famous hazelnut spread, Nu tella, is made by Italian company Ferrero, and how could we forget Ferrari?Knowing how to speak Italian and being familiar with the county’s culture will put you a step ahead when it comes to finding a job, regardless of whether it’s in the UK or in Italy.Once you’ve got yourself a position in a company, networking and negotiating will become significantly easier, even if you only speak conversational Italian as a bare minimum - though taking Italian courses London or another town near you can improve your chances of success.In order to give yourself the best chance of success in landing a job with an Italian company, don’t be afraid to put some effort into how you present yourself â€" the Italians love people with good fashion sense!The Role of Cuisine in Italian CultureIf you’re a fan of Italian cuisine and enjoy a good glass of wine, Italy is the place for you!Italy’s food and its exports are famous all over the world. It inspires pasta lovers, pizza fanatics and thos e who love seafood. Bruschetta with olive oil, antipasti, seafood spaghetti, pesto, there is so much to fall in love with.Italian dishes are often balanced in terms of nutritional value, and fresh produce is mostly used to create them.Fall in love with Italy's cuisine ¦ source: Pixabay - klausneuItaly is also famous for its wine culture. Its white wines such as the Trebbiani d’Abbuzo, a dry wine from the Abruzzo region, or the Soave, which comes from Veneto, very dry and less fragrant, go perfectly with Italian specialities such as fried scampi and grilled lemon chicken.Those who prefer red will be fond of Barbaresco or Barolo, which has aromas of cacao and spices.Tuscany is also famous for its red wine production. Brunello di Montalcino has a powerful and complex aroma â€" and let’s not forget Chianti, probably the most well-known of the Italian wines.Speaking the language has undeniable advantages when it comes to discovering the local gastronomy. You’ll have the tools to b e able to discuss how the food is cooked and the wine-making process with those who are directly involved.Where to Learn ItalianItalian is offered in some of the UK’s secondary schools, however, it is quite rare as languages such as French and German tend to take centre stage.School pupils usually choose their GCSE options before they start year 10, and schools usually encourage them to choose at least one language course.Sadly, Italy’s status as a minor language (compared to the likes of French, Spanish and German) means few people are qualified to teach it in the classroom, and therefore, fewer people learn it.However, studying Italian proves to be a great asset in the world or work, particularly when dealing with international business.Learning to speak Italian, or learning a new language at all can often be considered as an opening of the mind.Today, most major UK cities have organisations dedicated to teaching languages, and even though they may not be a part of the nationa l curriculum, their teaching is just as effective as the teaching in schools.Here are just a few ways you can learn Italian outside of school:at a language schoolan Italian cultural centreat evening classesthrough private tutoringThe quickest way to get started and make progress in your Italian learning is to find a one to one Italian tutor who can meet you in person or help you learn Italian online via a webcam connection.Find the best places to live and study as an Italian student in Italy.Learning a language demands regular practice and a good level of motivation, and finding an Italian tutor will give you the best chance of achieving this, as you prepare you Italian grammar exercises and listening comprehension homework every week.

A Practical Guide To Cities In Germany

A Practical Guide To Cities In Germany Must See Historic And Modern Germany Cities ChaptersThe Must-See Cities For Your German ItineraryThe Capital City Of Germany: Berlin,The City Of Bavarian Beer: MunichCity Of History And Modernity: HamburgGermany's Oldest City: CologneThe Economic Centre Of Germany: FrankfurtA German Town Between Two Shores: DüsseldorfA Spa Town In The Middle Of The Black Forest: Baden-BadenWhen you are planning to visit Germany, as with any country in the world you have to make a plan about what it is that you want to do and what do you want to experience while you are there. Germany is a country with a long history and a culture that has integrated itself outside of Germany too.Going to Germany is an excellent idea if you love German culture or just want to find out more about it. But one thing is for sure that you will have a unique trip and you may be lucky enough to discover some new things too. Germany located in Central Europe and shares borders with 8 other European countries. It is one of the wealthiest countries in Europe economicall y and culturally speaking, not to mention German cuisine and snacks, which are always a real treat!Germany has lots of great attractions and attractive architecturally rich cities which are perfect for sightseeing. No matter which city in Germany you go to, you are bound to find something exciting and culturally intriguing.Superprof has prepared a list of the must-see German cities that you should try to visit during your stay in Germany. They are guaranteed to help you to discover the German culture and heritage.Shopping trips, scenic parks, monuments, King Ludwig ii’s castles and palaces, Oktoberfest, cultural excursions, gastronomic tastings, evening entertainment,  and wine tasting tours. Are all the things you can add to the daily itineraries of your tour of Germany.If you only have time for a short city tour, you would do well to visit Berlin. Photo Source: Unsplash SönkeGerman Teacher 5.00 (5) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ClaudiaGerman Teacher 4.89 (9) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SefaGerman Teacher £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors HilaryGerman Teacher 5.00 (16) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors LisaGerman Teacher 5.00 (8) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ChrisGerman Teacher 5.00 (19) £39/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors WendyGerman Teacher 5.00 (2) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors HowardGerman Teacher 5.00 (6) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsThe Must-See Cities For Your German ItineraryNo matter where you go when you travel to Germany you will pass through one of the big cities of the country. Cities like Stuttgart which is the epicentre of German culture, Nuremberg which is famous for its world-renowned Christmas market, Dresden which is the city of art in Germany or The Old Town of Rothenburg, which looks like a place frozen in time.German cities are full of history, culture and traditional German heritage, while also being modern and cosmopolitan. Let’s take a look at some of the best cities in Germany for travellers to visit while travelling through the country.Check out even more German courses on Superprof.The Capital City Of Germany: Berlin,We can not and should not talk about Germany without mentioning its capital Berlin. Berlin is Germanys biggest city and is a melting pot of culture with a very international vibe. Like all large cities, it has all of the modern conveniences that you can expect like transport, Universities, banks, embassies etc. Politically it is the most critical place in the country, as the seat of the German government and house of parliament are there.As well as modernity and government, there is also history, you can visit many monuments all which tell a story of Berlin's history and German history collectively. Some attractions worth seeing when you visit Germany are:The Brandenburg Gate,The Reichstag Palace,The Victory Column,La place Gendarmenmarkt,The Berlin Wall Memorial,La Po tsdamer Place,The TV Tower,Berlin Cathedral (Berliner Dom).Berliners are as friendly and open-minded as their city which means a high majority of people speak English. Which makes it a perfect place to visit for any city trip or as part of a more extended holiday within the country. You need at least a few days to explore Berlin city, it is a fantastic bustling destination.The City Of Bavarian Beer: MunichAs the third largest city in Germany, Munich has several assets which entice you to discover it on your trip. Like the castle of Nymphenburg, the cathedral of Munich or the Marienplatz. Munich is famous in Bavaria for Oktoberfest festival, which is an end of the year German beer festival, which has folk culture at its root. It is the perfect place to enjoy the very best of German beers and to have fun.Dresden is the capital of Saxony, in eastern Germany. Photo Source: Unsplash SönkeGerman Teacher 5.00 (5) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ClaudiaGerman Teacher 4.89 ( 9) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SefaGerman Teacher £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors HilaryGerman Teacher 5.00 (16) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors LisaGerman Teacher 5.00 (8) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ChrisGerman Teacher 5.00 (19) £39/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors WendyGerman Teacher 5.00 (2) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors HowardGerman Teacher 5.00 (6) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsCity Of History And Modernity: HamburgHamburg is a city in northern Germany, which is located on the river Elbe and close by the North Sea and the border of Denmark. Hamburg has a functioning international port as well as significant historical heritage. Indeed, with its many canals and period buildings, the beautiful city of Hamburg has a charm that may loosely remind you of Venice.Sign up for many German courses London here.Visiting the stunning city of Hamburg will give you a different idea of Germany as it is one of the only cities that connect the sea and river waterways. As well as having numerous islands to discover with the many River cruises on offer. This allows you to experience a different side of Germany, especially if you visit in the summer where you can partake of the beautiful River cruises without freezing. Between the cultural visits, parks, scenery and nightlife, the culinary specialities of the region and island discoveries. There is a lot to do in the beautiful city of Hamburg including:Le Zoo Tierpark Hagenbeck,The fish market,The district of Saint Pauli,The telecommunication tower Heinrich Hertz,The Museum of Fine Arts Hamburg,The Saint Michel church,Park Planen a Blomen,The harbour and the Hamburg beaches,State Opera Hamburg.Hamburg offers an unmissable experience!Germany's Oldest City: CologneIn the West of Germany, in the Rhine Valley, lies the city of Cologne, which is a major European metropolis. Tourists will love the activities offered by the city including Cologne Cathedral - an architectural and heritage wonder, several museums such as the Chocolate Museum and the Ludwig Museum. Finally, there is lots of fun for the family too, Cologne also has an amusement park named Phantasialand just 10 km from its centre!Other things to do in Cologne:Cologne is also famous for its specialities like the famous Eau de Cologne.The city of Cologne is also very close to the city of Bonn, the hometown of Beethoven!Finally, do not hesitate to taste Cologne's traditional beer, Kölsch!This place has plenty to occupy the travelers with its many tourist attractions. Photo Source: UnsplashThe Economic Centre Of Germany: FrankfurtFrankfurt is one of the reasons that Germany has a reputation for being one of Europe's leading powerhouses. Frankfurt is undoubtedly the economic and financial heart of Germany. It is a business city, home to the largest airport in Europe and it also has a lot to offer the average tourist.Frankfurt city sits on the r iver main, towering over the waters with its modern architecture. One of the buildings called the ‘Main Tower’ allows visitors a panoramic view of the entire city. But despite its modernity, Frankfurt also has a historical part that is worth visiting. The Römerberg or historic centre of Frankfurt, located in the district of Sachsenhausen has various taverns. Where it is possible to taste a kind of local cider, called Apfelwein.A German Town Between Two Shores: DüsseldorfDüsseldorf is an eclectic city with a mix of historical and modern architecture, separated by water the city is kept connected 7 landmark bridges. Half of the city can be defined as current with futuristic constructions and the other side as full of historical heritage. The historical side includes the old port which is now classified as a UNESCO World Heritage site.As well as being an exciting city, Düsseldorf is also the fashion capital of Germany with the Königsallee, a luxury shopping paradise which lies in the old town.Dusseldorf is also a city where you can have fun during pleasant evenings and where you can try the best in German food and German wine. Best of all if you visit Dusseldorf in late February and early March you will get to visit the Rhine carnival. You can not get more German than that, Come on, visit Düsseldorf!A Spa Town In The Middle Of The Black Forest: Baden-BadenAlthough not officially a city it is a must mention bonus. This town which is something between a spa and forest resort, Baden-Baden has something extra special to attract tourists who want to relax and melt away stress and strains of life. Unique in Germany, Baden-Baden is set between the Rhine Plain and the Black Forest.The city is famous for its hot healing baths, but that is not all, it is also renowned for its casino, palaces and museums. Baden-Baden is one of the most beautiful cities in Germany with its picturesque scenery and charm all nestled into the enchanting setting of the forests trees, h istoric bridges and the flowing river. Finally, if you want to take a walk or hike, you can walk to the edge of the city and find yourself surrounded by nature. Take a walk in the National Park of the Black Forest to and try to imagine Hansel and Gretel leaving their breadcrumbs there.The places in Germany are endless, and there is so much to see, to suit all travelers tastes and all types of holiday styles. Of course, there are many more spectacular cities (Hannover, Heidelberg, Augsburg, Aachen, Mannheim or Saarbrücken) in Germany that you can explore and discover. But I hope this gets you started, on your discovery to Germany and its treasures. If you need more inspiration, you can take a look at the German Tourist board. There is so much to enjoy, Have fun!.

Learn the History of Embroidery

Learn the History of Embroidery A Beginner’s Introduction on the History of Embroidery ChaptersEmbroidery Designs Throughout History Starting in The Bronze AgeIron Age and Dark Age EmbroideryEmbroidery Stitches for Medieval TapestriesEmbroidery History In Gold and WhiteTudor Embroidery FlowersThe 19th Century of Embroidery to the PresentSince the beginning of time, people have adorned their clothing with fancy needlework and hand embroidery. Be it by sewing shells on a shirt, cutting out patterns in leather skirts, sewing gold and precious stones onto a dress or adding a needle-woven border to simple linen shifts, early civilisations found many ways to embellish their clothing. It is therefore rather surprising to find that the art of embroidery can’t be traced back earlier than about 600 BC. This may in part be due to the fact that very few early textiles have survived. And of those that have, not all have been examined by textile specialists. For example, early Egyptian fabric was often marked with hieroglyphs mentioning the owner or the quality. What is unclear is whether these marks were needle-stitched or woven directly into the cloth, as woven bands and even repeated woven designs are known from some Egyptian textile finds of the period from about 1340 BC.Looking for sewing courses London?5th century BC. In Bronze Age Scandinavia, stem stitch and various twined and buttonhole stitches were used to embellish clothes.Learn how to embroider with our beginner tutorial...Iron Age and Dark Age EmbroideryIn the 5th/6th centuries AD, when Egypt was part of the Byzantine Empire, the festive, wide tunics of the period were decorated with roundels and panels. Most of these decorative strips with their marine and pastoral designs were woven in a technique similar to Jacquard weaving. But a few roundels have survived in split, stem, and chain stitch. Like later Dark Age examples where line stitches were used to fill out forms, the outline of the figures was stitched first, with the embroidery continuing in an inwards spiral until the section was fille d. Chain stitch is a technique we find again in later Dark Age textiles; in the 7th century, the burial garment of the Merovingian Queen Bathilda  used chain stitch to imitate her precious jewellery - as she retreated to the Abbey of Chelles at the end of her life, she had probably left the real jewellery behind or donated it to the abbey. In honour of her queenly status, the simple white shift she was buried in was stitched with rows of necklaces and several brooches. The 10th century embroideries from Mammen in Denmark used stem stitch and herringbone stitch for animal figures and bands depicting acanthus leaves and human faces. Though they are too fragmentary to know for sure, they probably decorated a cloak or tunic.Also discover how you can get started in embroidery...Crafting Goldwork in the Dark AgesGold has long fascinated mankind with its rich sheen and its failure to oxidise. They found ways to wear it - making it into jewellery, and eventually adding an embroidered gold f inishing it onto their clothes. Gold thread were generally couched into place with wool and later silk thread as it can’t be sewn in the traditional sense. Though gold was probably incorporated into clothing at a much earlier date, one of the earliest confirmed use of gold embroidery is from the tomb of Merovingian Queen Arnegunde of the 6th century BC. Her outer garment had goldwork embroidery cuffs in a rosette design .Goldwork from the sleeve cuffs of Queen Arnegunde. Die Franken: Wegbereiter Europas. Exhibition Cataloguie. Mainz: von Zabern, 1996.A small fragment from the late 8th to early 9th centuries from Maaseik, Belgium uses surface couching for gold threads and split stitch on the backgrounds - a precursor to the Opus Anglicanum of the medieval period. The stole and maniple of St. Cuthbert used stem stitch for the outline and, again, split stitch for filling in the figures. The gold thread for the background was held in place with simple couching.Discover how you can lea rn to sew with easy embroidery patterns!single stitches are laid crosswise and couched. Bayeux stitch is commonly referred to as laid and couched work; in Scandinavia, where it probably originated, it is called Refilsaum.KlosterstitchIn the cloisters of Northern Germany, nuns made elaborate wall hangings for the choirs of their church in a special couched stitch known as Klosterstich, “cloister stitch”. In the 13th-16th centuries, the monasteries of Lüne, Ebstorf, Heiningen and Wienhausen produced beautiful tapestries in brilliant colours depicting biblical and allegorical scenes and scenes from popular novels of the period (Ywain, Tristan). Though now Klosterstich has survived almost exclusively from Northern Germany, a few examples from southern Germany suggest it was more common than the evidence suggests - it is possible that there it was mostly produced in a secular context. Klosterstich is a self-couching technique - that is, the thread laid down is the same as the thread used for couching. Klosterstich is worked with vertical laid stitches. They are set from top to bottom and couched from bottom to top. In Klosterstich the couching stitches are practically invisible, separating it from similar techniques such as bokhara stitch, where the couching stitches make patterns atop the base embroidery. Roumanian stitch is also similar, but is worked horizontally rather than vertically.German Brick StitchGerman brick stitch is a counted-stitch embroidery technique using a variation of brick stitch somewhat reminiscent of bargello. Where brick stitch only uses stitches of the same length, medieval German brick stitch will sometimes use up to three different lengths to make the pattern. It was popular in the 14th and 15th centuriesBrick stitch often uses colourful geometric patterns in counted stitch. Photo credit: Catrijn on Visual hunt / CC BY-NC-NDThe most common form is a recurring geometric pattern covering an entire surface. It was mostly used for purse s, cushions, and hangings for furniture, but wall hangings in German brick stitch have survived, including some that show figurative scenes. You can find some patterns based on originals here.Kloster? Bayeux? Learn how to sew these and other easy embroidery stitches...Embroidery History In Gold and WhiteThe following two techniques were used mostly for religious pieces and have yielded some of the most beautiful examples of medieval embroidery.Opus Teutonicum or German whiteworkDuring the period of Lent just before Easter, the usual, richly-decorated altar cloths and hangings were packed away and replaced by white ones. But just because they were white didn’t mean they weren’t decorated: starting from the 12th century, whitework altar cloths have survived using a variety of stitches including stem stitch, chain stitch, long-armed cross-stitch, buttonhole stitch, brick stitch and a variety of openwork techniques. In harmony with the theme of Lent, they depicted the death and resu rrection of Christ.Opus AnglicanumThe Middle Ages brought for several goldwork techniques, including or nué (a couching technique with amazingly subtle shading) used from the 15th century onwards. But the most common was the so-called Opus Anglicanum. The term was coined in the 13th century for a technique that existed long before - the same we have already seen for the 8th/9th century Maaseik embroideries. English embroiderers were famous for their ecclesiastical vestments in gold and silk, so that anything in that technique was called “English work”. In a secular context, small bags and pouches showing lovers or scenes from medieval novels have also survived in Opus Anglicanum.Opus anglicanum was used for religious garments such as this cope. English goldwork was famous throughout Europe. 27.162.1Metropolitan museum of Art / CC0 1.0The coloured part of the embroidery is done in split stitch, with the gold couched in place.Learn more about embroidery by joining a sewing class near you. Even in Scotland, you can find sewing classes Glasgow or Edinburgh.Tudor Embroidery FlowersThe Tudor Period is a Golden Age of embroidery for any historian - an amazing amount of pieces have survived, including some in Elizabeth’s own hand.This cover for a book of poem was embroidered by Queen Elizabeth I herself when she was a girl. English Embroidered Bookbindings by Cyril James Humphries Davenport, F. S. A,. edited by Alfred Pollard, London, 1899BlackworkThough black embroidery was known in England before that, the introduction of blackwork to the English court is credited to Catherine of Aragon who supposedly brought it over from her native Spain when she married King Henry VIII in 1509. In the Tudor period, it was a common decoration for shirt cuffs, smocks and bonnets. It is a form of counted-thread embroidery  generally done in black, very often in Holbein stitch. Though it could be done in other colours as well, it was almost always monochrome. Diaper patterns we re used for filling.A painting of Elizabeth I showing blackwork embroidery on the sleeves and bodice. By Unknown - Scanned from Thomasina Beck, The Embroiderer's Flowers, Devon, England: David Charles, 1992, ISBN 0715399012, Public Domain,Floral motifsElizabethan embroidery otherwise used a number of stitches, of which some of the most common were tent stitch, gobelin stitch, running stitch, detached buttonhole and chain stitch. Intricate floral designs were the most common; and stumpwork became popular at that period.Learn what supplies you need in your kit to start simple embroidery projects!The 19th Century of Embroidery to the PresentWhat student of 19th-century literature doesn’t remember poor Fanny Price undoing stitches in Lady Thomas’s tapestry-work to do them again correctly? The embroidering lady is an enduring image of the 19th century, and indeed, many of the embroidering techniques popular today were used at that time. Various articles of daily life were embroidere d, from fireplace screens to footstools to doilies and “tidies”, to little bags and huswifs (needle rolls). As over the course of the 20th century machine embroidery became easier and embroidery was no longer the fashionable embellishment of choice for clothing, it became purely a hobby while at the same time ascending to an art form, with embroidered images being created solely for the joy of owning them.Ready to start sewing? Find sewing classes near me  or online sewing classes.

Listening Exercise David Bowie, Well Miss You

Listening Exercise David Bowie, Well Miss You David Bowie is perhaps one of the most influential pop/rock stars of our time. He had a very interesting life full of devastation, talent, and addiction. He pushed music, pop, and performance to  a new level. In remembrance of him, weve created an extensive listening exercise. We hope youll enjoy listening to it as much as we did!Watch the videos below,then answer the listening questions in comments and well reply.What was unusual about his parents?What kind of child was Bowie?Who was the most important person in his life?What happened to his eye?How did he say his eye help him?How many bands did David Bowie have?Why did he change his name?What devastated David in his personal life?His father wasnt very supportive of Davids music career.  True/False?David didnt like acting. True/False?How did he start his life as a rockstar?What did musicians and fans have in common?David felt like he was a natural performer. True/False?Audiences loved The Hype. True/False?What very conventional deci sion did he make?There are several more videos in this series about Bowies life. Also, the  Canadian astronaut below, Chris Hadfield spent five months in space â€" a time in which he gained international fame for his extensive use of social media while floating above Earth. But one of his most impressive accomplishments was his cover of David Bowies Space Oddity â€" not only the first musical recording in space, but a cover Bowie called possibly the most poignant version of the song ever created.Lock your Soyuz  hatch and ____ your helmet __.This is ground control to Major Tom, youve really _____ the ____.What does the above phrasal verb mean?I hope you enjoyed our lesson about David Bowie. He will be missed!  LOI has several lessons about important musicians. If you want to study  English while learning about great  musicians, try taking some of our classes.